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- ENVIRONMENT, Page 56The $25 Million Bird
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- As endangered California condors return to the wild, the law
- that saved them is under attack
-
- By J. MADELEINE NASH/CHICAGO -- With reporting by James
- Willwerth/Los Padres National Forest
-
-
- Framed by snow-capped mountains and an ice-blue sky, a
- 10-kg (22-lb.) adolescent California condor named Chocuyens
- poked his head out of a man-made nest on a rocky promontory in
- Southern California's Los Padres National Forest last week. With
- that timid move, he became the first member of his endangered
- species to return from captivity to the wild. Minutes later, his
- nestmate Xewe and two young Andean condors sent along as
- companions emerged. The birds jumped up and down and flapped
- their immense wings in an apparent preflight dance while
- jubilant naturalists watching from distant cliffs poured
- champagne.
-
- Xewe and Chocuyens, direct descendants of the last
- breeding pair captured in the wild in 1987, stayed cautiously
- on the sandstone cliffs all day. Unlike most birds, which take
- off easily with sheer muscle power, young condors must learn to
- ride the wind. As beneficiaries of a $25 million U.S.
- government program to save their species, Xewe and Chocuyens
- seemed to sense the political importance of flying right the
- first time.
-
- The California condor is a prime example of what
- conservationists have labeled charismatic megafauna, a charmed
- circle of struggling species that are cute enough or distinctive
- enough to capture the public imagination. Among the others: the
- gray wolf, grizzly bear, bald eagle, desert tortoise and, of
- course, the northern spotted owl. Since the Endangered Species
- Act, which commits the government to protecting all life forms
- from extinction, became law in 1973, this select group of
- animals has received an inordinate share of funding.
-
- But while the public relations value of such special
- treatment is clear, its biological value is not. "Of 676 native
- species on the endangered and threatened lists," says Faith
- Campbell of the Natural Resources Defense Council, "only around
- two dozen are receiving a significant amount of recovery
- effort." Waiting in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- classification pipeline are nearly 4,000 other dwindling
- species, most of them little known plants and tiny
- invertebrates. "They may not be sexy," admits Campbell, "but
- such organisms are what make ecosystems work."
-
- Will they be saved? The Endangered Species Act is up for
- reauthorization this year, and a throng of interest groups is
- determined to weaken it. Not since 1977, when an 8-cm (3-in.)
- fish called the snail darter halted construction of Tennessee's
- Tellico Dam, has this critical piece of environmental
- legislation generated so much controversy.
-
- The reason is as plain as the spots on the owls perched in
- the way of loggers bent on felling the ancient forests of the
- Pacific Northwest. To critics, the Endangered Species Act is an
- inflexible barrier to economic progress. "Never before have we
- had a natural-resource conflict of this dimension," says U.S.
- Fish and Wildlife biologist John Fay. A little gray bird called
- the California gnatcatcher is pitted against Southern California
- real estate developers who covet the same sea view. The Snake
- River sockeye salmon is about to clash with hydropower
- generators in the Pacific Northwest. A small fish known as the
- delta smelt, if it gets onto the threatened-species list, could
- force changes in the flow of irrigation water to farmers in
- California's Central Valley. Complains Tom Hirons, a contract
- logger from Gates, Ore.: "The Endangered Species Act is the most
- powerful law in the U.S. It can stop any human activity. I
- intend to fight like hell to get it amended."
-
- Defenders of the law deny that it is enforced in an
- unreasonable way. The World Wildlife Fund cites a study of
- 34,000 endangered-species consultations conducted by the U.S.
- Fish and Wildlife Service between 1987 and 1991. Less than 0.1%
- of the total (21 in all) could not be resolved. Far more
- commonly, the consultations determined that a simple commonsense
- solution sufficed. In Illinois, for instance, a highway-widening
- project was rerouted to avoid a roadside patch containing
- specimens of a rare plant, the prairie bush clover.
-
- But serious conflicts will become more common as human
- development pushes more species into less and less favorable
- habitats. Such dilemmas call for imaginative, if imperfect,
- compromises. Near Palm Springs, Calif., a huge tract of land
- that provided habitat for the Coachella Valley fringe-toed
- lizard has now been opened for private development. In exchange,
- the lizard was given the run of three nature preserves totaling
- 6,900 hectares (17,000 acres). Fences protect its remaining
- habitat from marauding motorcyclists. Within the confines of two
- preserves, at least, it has become fruitful and multiplied.
-
- While only a few endangered species have prospered enough
- to be removed from the list (the American alligator, for
- example), others have begun to make notable comebacks.
- Populations of bald eagles, whooping cranes and peregrine
- falcons are all rising.
-
- The program has focused far too much effort, though, on
- rescuing glamorous species. If science alone drove policy, it
- would emphasize protection of keystone species that hold major
- ecosystems together. Many romantic plans, such as reintroducing
- wolves to Yellowstone National Park, would take a backseat to
- preserving unsung species of bees, butterflies and bats. "No one
- likes bats," observes environmental attorney Daniel J. Rohlf,
- of Portland, Ore., "but they often play a critical role. Without
- bats, many species of plants don't get pollinated." Thus
- ecosystem protection should take precedence over protection of
- individual species.
-
- As the spotted owl fight illustrates, protecting
- ecosystems, even those unique systems like ancient forests, will
- not be politically easy. But it will be necessary if the nation
- wants to preserve the intricate web of life that supports humans
- and slime molds alike.
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